Europe’s medieval castles and fortresses have long captivated the imaginations of travelers and history enthusiasts alike. These magnificent structures serve as a tangible link to the past, offering a glimpse into the rich and often turbulent history of the continent. From the fairy tale-like castles of Germany to the imposing fortresses of France, exploring Europe’s medieval heritage is a fascinating journey that takes us back in time.
What are some of the best castles to visit in Europe?
Neuschwanstein Castle – Germany:
Neuschwanstein Castle, nestled in the Bavarian Alps of Germany, is a fairytale fortress that inspired Disney’s Sleeping Beauty Castle. Commissioned by King Ludwig II of Bavaria in the 19th century, it is a masterpiece of Romantic architecture. Perched on a hilltop overlooking lush forests and lakes, it offers stunning views. The castle’s interiors are equally captivating, adorned with ornate decorations and murals. A visit to Neuschwanstein is a step into a world of fantasy and history.
Edinburgh Castle – Scotland:
Dominating the skyline of Scotland’s capital, Edinburgh Castle is a historic icon. Perched atop Castle Rock, it has played a central role in Scotland’s tumultuous history. Visitors can explore its grand halls, the Crown Jewels, and the Stone of Destiny, which were used in coronation ceremonies. The One O’Clock Gun fires daily, a tradition dating back to 1861. The castle’s esplanade is the setting for the Royal Edinburgh Military Tattoo during the Edinburgh Festival.
Windsor Castle – England:
Windsor Castle, the oldest and largest inhabited castle in the world, has been a royal residence for over 900 years. Located in the county of Berkshire, England, it is a symbol of the British monarchy. Visitors can explore the State Apartments, St. George’s Chapel, and the beautiful landscaped gardens. Windsor Castle is often used for state banquets and ceremonies and remains a beloved home to the British royal family.
Château de Chambord – France:
Château de Chambord is a masterpiece of the French Renaissance, situated in the Loire Valley. It’s known for its distinctive French defensive architecture and stunning double helix staircase. Built as a hunting lodge for King Francis I, it is surrounded by a vast forest and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The château’s architecture and its 440 rooms, designed to accommodate the king’s entourage, make it a true architectural wonder.
Prague Castle – Czech Republic:
Prague Castle, perched high above the city, is one of the largest castle complexes in the world. It has been the seat of Czech kings, emperors, and presidents for over a thousand years. The castle’s diverse architectural styles, including Gothic, Romanesque, and Baroque, make it a microcosm of Czech history. Visitors can explore St. Vitus Cathedral, the Old Royal Palace, and the picturesque Golden Lane.
Bran Castle (Dracula’s Castle) – Romania:
Bran Castle, often referred to as “Dracula’s Castle,” is a Romanian landmark in Transylvania. Though Dracula’s connection to the castle is more legend than history, it’s still a fascinating place to visit. The fortress is perched on a hilltop and offers picturesque views of the surrounding countryside. Inside, you’ll discover a museum showcasing art and furniture collected by Queen Marie of Romania. Whether you’re interested in Dracula lore or just historical architecture, Bran Castle is a must-visit.
Alhambra – Spain:
The Alhambra, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is a stunning palace and fortress complex in Granada, Spain. It stands as a testament to the region’s rich history and architectural brilliance. The Nasrid Palaces within the Alhambra are known for their intricate stucco work and the enchanting Court of the Lions. The Generalife Gardens, with their fountains and lush greenery, provide a tranquil escape. A visit to the Alhambra is a journey into the heart of Andalusian history and culture.
Bran Castle – Romania:
Bran Castle, often associated with the Dracula legend, is a picturesque fortress in Romania. Perched on the border between Transylvania and Wallachia, it was strategically important for defending the region. The castle’s interior features a museum displaying art and furniture, but it’s the exterior, with its turrets and red-roofed towers, that captures the imagination. Whether you’re drawn to the history or the myth, Bran Castle offers a unique and fascinating experience.
Hohenzollern Castle – Germany:
Hohenzollern Castle, majestically positioned atop Mount Hohenzollern, is an iconic German fortress. This stately edifice stands as a symbol of the House of Hohenzollern’s power and nobility. Over the centuries, it has been rebuilt and expanded, reflecting various architectural styles. The panoramic views of the Swabian Alps from the castle are breathtaking. Visitors can explore the well-preserved interior and learn about the history of the Hohenzollern dynasty.
Blarney Castle – Ireland:
Blarney Castle in County Cork, Ireland, is known for the Blarney Stone, said to bestow the “gift of gab” on those who kiss it. The castle itself is an impressive medieval stronghold, set amid beautiful gardens. Visitors can climb to the top and kiss the famous stone, take in panoramic views of the surrounding countryside, and explore the castle’s history and legends.
Alnwick Castle – England:
Alnwick Castle, located in Northumberland, England, is a historic marvel. It’s the second-largest inhabited castle in the country, and its impressive façade and well-maintained grounds make it a popular attraction. Visitors can explore the State Rooms, learn about its rich history, and take part in various activities and events, including broomstick training in homage to its role as Hogwarts in the “Harry Potter” films.
Mont Saint-Michel – France:
Mont Saint-Michel, located off the coast of Normandy, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of France’s most iconic landmarks. It is a stunning medieval abbey perched atop a rocky island, often surrounded by water during high tide. The abbey and its surrounding medieval village are accessible via a causeway. Visitors can explore the abbey’s architecture, cloisters, and panoramic views from the top.
Pena Palace – Portugal:
Pena Palace, situated in the lush forests of Sintra, Portugal, is a whimsical and colorful masterpiece of Romantic architecture. It blends various architectural styles and is surrounded by lush gardens. The palace itself is adorned with vibrant colors and decorative elements, and it offers breathtaking views of the surrounding landscape. A visit to Pena Palace is a step into a world of fairy tales and historical significance.
Bodiam Castle – England:
Bodiam Castle in East Sussex, England, is a quintessential medieval fortress. It’s surrounded by a picturesque moat and offers a striking example of medieval architecture. Visitors can explore its well-preserved exterior and enjoy views of the surrounding countryside. Inside, the castle provides insight into life during the medieval period.
Karlštejn Castle – Czech Republic:
Karlštejn Castle, located near Prague, Czech Republic, is a remarkable Gothic fortress with a storied history. Commissioned by Charles IV, it was designed to safeguard the crown jewels and holy relics of the Roman Empire. The castle’s architecture and interiors, featuring the Chapel of the Holy Cross, are stunning. Visitors can embark on guided tours to delve into its historical significance.
Château de Chenonceau – France:
Château de Chenonceau, often called the “Ladies’ Castle,” is a beautifully preserved Renaissance château in the Loire Valley. Its iconic arched bridge over the River Cher is a hallmark of its unique design. The castle’s interior is filled with art, period furniture, and exquisite tapestries. Chenonceau’s magnificent gardens and riverside setting make it a splendid destination for history and architecture enthusiasts.
Eilean Donan Castle – Scotland:
Eilean Donan Castle, perched on a small island at the confluence of three sea lochs, is one of the most photographed castles in Scotland. It’s a romantic and picturesque fortress with a rich history. Visitors can explore the castle’s interiors, where rooms are meticulously decorated with period furniture, weaponry, and historical artifacts.
Castillo de Belmonte – Spain:
Castillo de Belmonte is a well-preserved medieval castle located in Belmonte, Spain. Built in the 15th century, it boasts a magnificent square design with towers at each corner. The castle’s architecture and picturesque setting are reminiscent of a fairy tale. Visitors can explore its rooms, halls, and beautiful courtyards, which provide a glimpse into medieval life.
Château de Versailles – France:
Château de Versailles, a symbol of absolute monarchy in France, is renowned for its opulent palace and splendid gardens. It was the principal royal residence for Louis XIV and became a model for grandeur and luxury. The Hall of Mirrors, the Palace of Versailles, and the extensive gardens make it one of the most significant landmarks in French history. A visit to Versailles is an immersion in the grandeur of the Ancien Régime.
Château de Villandry – France:
Château de Villandry is famous for its magnificent Renaissance gardens. Located in the Loire Valley, it is one of the most well-preserved châteaux in France. The beautifully manicured gardens, designed in the French formal style, are a true work of art. The castle’s architecture, with its turrets and picturesque façade, adds to the charm of this historic site.
Castillo de Almodóvar del Río – Spain:
Castillo de Almodóvar del Río, located in Andalusia, Spain, is a stunning medieval fortress perched atop a hill overlooking the Guadalquivir River. Its imposing walls and towers reflect the Moorish and Christian history of the region. Visitors can explore the castle’s well-preserved rooms and enjoy panoramic views of the surrounding countryside.
Malbork Castle – Poland:
Malbork Castle, also known as Marienburg, is a massive fortress in Poland, located on the Nogat River. It is the largest brick castle in the world and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The castle’s medieval architecture and vast interiors make it a historical treasure. Visitors can explore the castle’s numerous chambers, including the Grand Refectory and the Grand Master’s Palace.
Alcazar of Segovia – Spain:
The Alcazar of Segovia, a stunning castle in Spain, is said to have inspired Walt Disney’s Cinderella Castle. Its distinctive design includes turrets and a dramatic location on a rocky crag. The Alcazar has served various purposes over the centuries, from royal palace to military fortress. Inside, the rooms display exquisite art and architecture, making it one of Spain’s most iconic castles.
Predjama Castle – Slovenia:
Predjama Castle is a unique castle in Slovenia, perched within a cave mouth in a rocky cliff. The castle’s history is intertwined with the legend of Erazem of Predjama, a knight and robber baron. The castle’s striking location and its secret passages are the stuff of medieval legends. Visitors can explore the castle’s rooms, weapons, and captivating views from the cave.
Leeds Castle – England:
Leeds Castle, often referred to as the “Lady’s Castle,” is a historic fortress located in Kent, England. It is surrounded by a moat and set amid beautifully landscaped gardens. The castle’s history dates back to the 9th century, and it has seen various transformations over the centuries. The interiors showcase period furnishings and art, offering insight into the castle’s rich heritage.
Château de Fontainebleau – France:
Château de Fontainebleau, located southeast of Paris, is one of the largest French royal castles. It has been a residence for French monarchs from Louis VII to Napoleon III. The castle boasts a stunning Renaissance façade, and its interiors, including the famous horseshoe-shaped staircase, reflect the changing tastes of the monarchy. The sprawling gardens add to the charm of this historic site.
Conwy Castle – Wales:
Conwy Castle, situated in North Wales, is a magnificent medieval fortress. Built by Edward I during his conquest of Wales, it is an excellent example of military architecture. The castle’s imposing walls and eight massive towers make it an imposing and dramatic structure. Inside, you can explore its well-preserved interiors, climb the battlements, and enjoy scenic views of Conwy and the surrounding area.
Kronborg Castle – Denmark:
Kronborg Castle, known as Elsinore in Shakespeare’s “Hamlet,” is a UNESCO World Heritage Site located in Denmark. This Renaissance fortress is known for its imposing bastions and role in Danish history. Visitors can explore the castle’s history and the connection to the famous play, as well as take in scenic views of the Baltic Sea.
Peleș Castle – Romania:
Peleș Castle, nestled in the Carpathian Mountains, is one of Romania’s most impressive castles. Built in the late 19th century, it combines various architectural styles and boasts ornate interiors. The castle served as the royal residence of King Carol I and Queen Elisabeth. Visitors can tour its lavish rooms, including the Grand Armory and the Concert Hall, to witness the opulence of the Romanian monarchy.
Rosenborg Castle – Denmark:
Rosenborg Castle, located in Copenhagen, Denmark, is a beautifully preserved Renaissance castle built by King Christian IV. The castle houses the Danish crown jewels and regalia, making it a significant historical and cultural site. Visitors can explore the castle’s well-maintained rooms, including the Knights’ Hall, the Long Hall, and the King’s private chambers.
Himeji Castle – Japan (European-style castle):
Himeji Castle, often referred to as the “White Heron Castle,” is a stunning example of Japanese castle architecture. While it doesn’t fall into the traditional European castle category, its white exterior and fortress design bear similarities to Western castles. The castle is an icon of Japanese culture and history, and visitors can explore its defensive structures, interior rooms, and lovely gardens.
Blenheim Palace – England:
Blenheim Palace, located in Oxfordshire, England, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and the birthplace of Sir Winston Churchill. The palace is a masterpiece of English Baroque architecture and is surrounded by elegant gardens and a large lake. Visitors can tour the opulent State Rooms and explore the extensive parkland.
Prudhoe Castle – England:
Prudhoe Castle, located in Northumberland, England, is a well-preserved medieval fortress perched on the banks of the River Tyne. It has a rich history dating back to the 12th century and has served various functions over the centuries. The castle’s architecture and interiors, including the Great Hall and the gatehouse, provide a glimpse into its historical significance.
Dover Castle – England:
Dover Castle, known as the “Key to England,” is a medieval fortress and one of the largest castles in England. Its strategic location overlooking the English Channel has made it a vital defensive stronghold. Visitors can explore the Great Tower, the Secret Wartime Tunnels, and the Roman lighthouse. The castle offers both history and breathtaking views of the surrounding coastline.
Palácio da Pena – Portugal:
Palácio da Pena, situated in the Sintra Mountains, Portugal, is a Romanticist palace and one of the Seven Wonders of Portugal. The palace’s architecture is a colorful blend of styles, including Neo-Gothic, Neo-Manueline, and Neo-Renaissance. Its turrets and decorative elements make it an enchanting sight. Visitors can explore the palace’s rooms and enjoy panoramic views from its terraces.
Citadel of Carcassonne – France:
The Citadel of Carcassonne, located in southern France, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It’s a stunning example of a medieval fortress with well-preserved defensive walls and towers. The castle’s architecture and picturesque setting are reminiscent of a fairy tale. Visitors can explore the castle’s history and enjoy the charming town within its walls.
Corvin Castle – Romania:
Corvin Castle, also known as Hunyadi Castle or Hunedoara Castle, is one of Romania’s most significant medieval castles. It boasts a blend of architectural styles, including Gothic, Renaissance, and Baroque. The castle’s impressive fortifications and interior rooms, including the Knight’s Hall and the courtyard, make it a must-visit for history and architecture enthusiasts.
Swallow’s Nest – Russia:
Swallow’s Nest, a striking castle perched on a cliff overlooking the Black Sea in Crimea, is known for its fairy-tale appearance. The castle’s decorative architecture and dramatic setting have made it an iconic landmark. While the interior is relatively small, the exterior and views of the Black Sea make Swallow’s Nest a picturesque destination.
Trakai Island Castle – Lithuania:
Trakai Island Castle, located on an island in Lake Galvė in Lithuania, is a well-preserved fortress. It’s known for its red brick walls and picturesque setting. The castle’s interiors house a museum featuring historical artifacts and art, providing insights into the region’s history.
Urquhart Castle – Scotland:
Urquhart Castle, situated on the banks of Loch Ness in Scotland, is a historic fortress with a dramatic location. It played a role in the Wars of Scottish Independence and has a rich history. The castle’s ruins and towers offer spectacular views of the famous loch. Visitors can explore the history of the castle and the legends of Loch Ness.
Buda Castle – Hungary:
Buda Castle, located on Castle Hill in Budapest, Hungary, is a historic royal palace that offers commanding views of the city. It has served as the residence of Hungarian kings and a symbol of the nation’s heritage. The castle’s architecture and grand courtyards, including the Matthias Church and Fisherman’s Bastion, make it a significant historical and cultural site.
Château de Vincennes – France:
Château de Vincennes, situated just east of Paris, is a well-preserved medieval fortress. Its imposing keep and surrounding walls reflect the military history of the site. Visitors can explore the castle’s architecture, chapel, and donjon, as well as its moat and drawbridge.
Rocca Calascio – Italy:
Rocca Calascio, perched in the Apennine Mountains of Italy, is an iconic medieval fortress. Its picturesque location and ruins are often featured in films and photography. The castle’s commanding position offers breathtaking views of the surrounding countryside. Visitors can explore its ancient walls and enjoy the dramatic vistas.
Schwerin Castle – Germany:
Schwerin Castle, located on an island in Lake Schwerin, is a fairytale-like palace. It is the seat of the Mecklenburg-Vorpommern state parliament in Germany. The castle’s romantic architecture and gardens are a blend of various styles, including Romantic, Neo-Renaissance, and Neo-Baroque. Visitors can explore the palace’s richly decorated interiors, which reflect the opulence of the 19th century.
Orava Castle – Slovakia:
Orava Castle, located in Oravský Podzámok, Slovakia, is a captivating example of Gothic and Renaissance architecture. Perched on a rocky hill, it overlooks the Orava River. The castle’s turrets, walls, and well-preserved interior rooms provide a glimpse into its history. The scenic views from the castle are truly breathtaking.
Bled Castle – Slovenia:
Bled Castle, perched atop a cliff overlooking Lake Bled in Slovenia, is one of the oldest castles in the country. Its architecture and setting offer picturesque views of the lake and the island with its iconic church. Visitors can explore the castle’s history, museum, and enjoy the stunning panoramas.
Eltz Castle – Germany:
Eltz Castle, nestled in the hills above the Moselle River in Germany, is a fairy-tale-like fortress. It has been owned and inhabited by the same family for over 850 years. The castle’s well-preserved architecture and interiors, including the Rübenach and Kempenich families’ rooms, offer insights into medieval life and history. Visitors can enjoy guided tours and the surrounding lush forest.
Karlstein Castle – Czech Republic:
Karlstein Castle, located in the Czech Republic, is a well-preserved Gothic fortress known for its historical significance and rich interiors. The castle was founded by Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV and has served as a repository for the Czech crown jewels. Visitors can explore the castle’s halls and rooms, including the Chapel of the Holy Cross, and appreciate its historical and cultural value.
Burg Kreuzenstein – Austria:
Burg Kreuzenstein, located in Lower Austria, is a picturesque medieval castle with a rich history. While the original castle was destroyed, it was reconstructed in the 19th century and now stands as a unique blend of authentic medieval architecture and artistic imagination. The castle’s interior is home to a significant collection of arms and armor, making it a captivating destination for history enthusiasts.
Egeskov Castle – Denmark:
Egeskov Castle, situated on the island of Funen in Denmark, is one of Europe’s best-preserved Renaissance water castles. It is surrounded by a picturesque moat and extensive gardens. The castle’s well-maintained interiors house museums displaying art, vintage cars, and other historical artifacts. Visitors can explore the various rooms and exhibitions, making it a diverse and enjoyable cultural experience.
Alcazaba of Málaga – Spain:
The Alcazaba of Málaga, located in the city of Málaga, Spain, is a well-preserved Moorish fortress. It is part of the larger complex that includes the Gibralfaro Castle. The Alcazaba’s architecture and gardens showcase the influence of Islamic culture in the region. Visitors can explore its impressive walls, courtyards, and rooms, offering a glimpse into the city’s rich history.
Kilkenny Castle – Ireland:
Kilkenny Castle, located in the city of Kilkenny, Ireland, is a historic fortress and a symbol of the city’s heritage. It has undergone various architectural transformations over the centuries, blending both medieval and Victorian styles. The castle’s well-preserved interiors, including the Picture Gallery and the Long Gallery, make it a cultural and historical destination.
Warwick Castle – England:
Warwick Castle, situated in the county of Warwickshire, England, is a well-preserved medieval fortress with over a thousand years of history. The castle offers a range of activities, including archery displays, bird of prey shows, and themed events that immerse visitors in the medieval experience. The castle’s State Rooms and impressive architecture provide insights into its historical significance.
Belvoir Castle – England:
Belvoir Castle, pronounced “beaver,” is a stately fortress located in Leicestershire, England. It has been the ancestral home of the Manners family for over three centuries. The castle’s architecture and well-preserved rooms, including the Elizabeth Saloon and the Library, reflect the grandeur of the Regency era.
Alcázar of Toledo – Spain:
The Alcázar of Toledo, located in the historic city of Toledo, Spain, is an iconic fortress known for its military history and breathtaking architecture. It has served as a Roman palace, a Visigothic fortress, and a medieval royal palace. The Alcázar’s façade, towers, and interior spaces, including the Throne Room, showcase the blend of Moorish, Gothic, and Renaissance influences.
Malcesine Castle – Italy:
Malcesine Castle, situated on the eastern shore of Lake Garda in Italy, is a picturesque fortress with a stunning lakeside location. It offers panoramic views of the lake and surrounding mountains. The castle’s architecture and well-preserved interiors, including the Scaligeri Hall and the courtroom, make it a memorable cultural and historical site.
Hochosterwitz Castle – Austria:
Hochosterwitz Castle, located in Carinthia, Austria, is a well-preserved medieval fortress with a rich history. The castle’s architecture and defensive structures are impressive, including its 14 gates. Visitors can explore its historical rooms and chambers, gaining insights into medieval life and history.
Conisbrough Castle – England:
Conisbrough Castle, located in South Yorkshire, England, is a well-preserved medieval fortress with a unique circular keep. It stands as a testament to medieval castle design. Visitors can explore the castle’s keep, enjoy scenic views from the top, and delve into its history.
Powis Castle – Wales:
Powis Castle, located in Powys, Wales, is a historic fortress with impressive terraced gardens. The castle’s well-preserved interiors showcase a rich collection of art, furniture, and porcelain. The castle’s gardens, featuring rare and exotic plants, add to its charm.
San Felipe Castle – Spain:
San Felipe Castle, situated in the town of Ferrol, Spain, is a historic military fortress with a strategic location overlooking the Atlantic Ocean. It played a role in the region’s naval defenses. Visitors can explore the castle’s architecture, tunnels, and learn about its military history.
Bodrum Castle – Turkey:
Bodrum Castle, located in Bodrum, Turkey, is a well-preserved medieval fortress with a rich history. Originally built by the Knights Hospitaller, the castle’s architecture and defensive structures reflect its strategic importance. Visitors can explore the castle’s halls, chapels, and dungeons.
Dunrobin Castle – Scotland:
Dunrobin Castle, situated in the Scottish Highlands, is a historic castle with a picturesque design. It is often compared to a French château due to its architectural style. Visitors can explore the castle’s interiors, gardens, and enjoy the surrounding landscape.
Rhinefels Castle – Germany:
Rhinefels Castle, located in the Rhine Gorge of Germany, is a well-preserved medieval fortress overlooking the Rhine River. Its robust architecture and well-maintained interiors, including the Treasure Chamber and the Wine Cellar, showcase the history and culture of the region.
Orléans Castle – France:
Orléans Castle, located in the city of Orléans, France, is a well-preserved fortress with a rich history. It is often associated with Joan of Arc and the Siege of Orléans. Visitors can explore the castle’s architecture, the Joan of Arc Museum, and its connection to this historical event.
Königstein Fortress – Germany:
Königstein Fortress, situated near Dresden, Germany, is one of the largest hilltop fortresses in Europe. The fortress played a significant role in Saxon history. Visitors can explore the castle’s extensive grounds, museums, and take in stunning views of the Elbe River.
Burg Eltz – Germany:
Burg Eltz, located in the hills above the Moselle River in Germany, is a picturesque medieval castle with a history dating back to the 12th century. The castle has remained in the same family for over 850 years. Visitors can tour the castle’s historical rooms and enjoy the scenic beauty of the surrounding forest.
Montezuma Castle – United States (Montezuma, Arizona):
Montezuma Castle, located in Arizona, USA, is a well-preserved cliff dwelling that was once inhabited by the Sinagua people. This archaeological site provides insights into Native American history and architecture. Visitors can explore the castle’s rooms, learn about its historical significance, and enjoy the natural beauty of the area.
Predjamski Grad – Slovenia:
Predjamski Grad, also known as Predjama Castle, is a captivating fortress in a cave mouth near Postojna, Slovenia. It offers a unique combination of natural and man-made wonders. The castle’s architecture and interior spaces, including the Knight’s Hall, provide a glimpse into medieval life and history.
Muiderslot – Netherlands:
Muiderslot, situated in the town of Muiden, Netherlands, is a well-preserved medieval castle surrounded by water. The castle’s architecture and historical rooms, including the Knight’s Hall and the great kitchen, offer insights into medieval life and culture.
Mir Castle – Belarus:
Mir Castle, located in Belarus, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a well-preserved example of Eastern European castle architecture. It boasts Gothic, Renaissance, and Baroque elements. The castle’s interiors, including the Armoury and the Church of Saints Boris and Gleb, reflect the historical and cultural richness of the region.
Bratislava Castle – Slovakia:
Bratislava Castle, perched above the Danube River in Slovakia, is an iconic fortress with a rich history. The castle’s architecture and interior spaces, including the Knights’ Hall and the Hungarian Parliament Hall, showcase its historical significance and cultural heritage.
Prague Castle – Czech Republic:
Prague Castle, located in the heart of Prague, Czech Republic, is one of the largest castle complexes in the world. It has been the seat of Czech kings, emperors, and presidents for over a thousand years. The castle’s diverse architectural styles, including Gothic, Romanesque, and Baroque, make it a microcosm of Czech history. Visitors can explore St. Vitus Cathedral, the Old Royal Palace, and the picturesque Golden Lane.
Karlštejn Castle – Czech Republic:
Karlštejn Castle, located near Prague, Czech Republic, is a remarkable Gothic fortress with a storied history. Commissioned by Charles IV, it was designed to safeguard the crown jewels and holy relics of the Roman Empire. The castle’s architecture and interiors, featuring the Chapel of the Holy Cross, are stunning. Visitors can embark on guided tours to delve into its historical significance.
Alcázar of Seville – Spain:
The Alcázar of Seville, located in the heart of Seville, Spain, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is a splendid palace complex with a history that spans Moorish, Gothic, Renaissance, and Baroque influences. The palace’s stunning architecture, gardens, and interior spaces, including the Hall of Ambassadors and the Hall of the Dolls, make it a significant cultural and historical site.
Hohenwerfen Castle – Austria:
Hohenwerfen Castle, situated in the Austrian Alps, is a well-preserved fortress with a history dating back to the 11th century. The castle’s imposing architecture and well-maintained interiors, including the Falconer’s Room and the Torture Chamber, offer insights into medieval life and culture.
Peleș Castle – Romania:
Peleș Castle, nestled in the Carpathian Mountains, is one of Romania’s most impressive castles. Built in the late 19th century, it combines various architectural styles and boasts ornate interiors. The castle served as the royal residence of King Carol I and Queen Elisabeth. Visitors can tour its lavish rooms, including the Grand Armory and the Concert Hall, to witness the opulence of the Romanian monarchy.
Malbork Castle – Poland:
Malbork Castle, also known as Marienburg, is a massive fortress in Poland, located on the Nogat River. It is the largest brick castle in the world and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The castle’s medieval architecture and vast interiors make it a historical treasure. Visitors can explore the castle’s numerous chambers, including the Grand Refectory and the Grand Master’s Palace.
Belvoir Castle – England:
Belvoir Castle, pronounced “beaver,” is a stately fortress located in Leicestershire, England. It has been the ancestral home of the Manners family for over three centuries. The castle’s architecture and well-preserved rooms, including the Elizabeth Saloon and the Library, reflect the grandeur of the Regency era.
Urquhart Castle – Scotland:
Urquhart Castle, situated on the banks of Loch Ness in Scotland, is a historic fortress with a dramatic location. It played a role in the Wars of Scottish Independence and has a rich history. The castle’s ruins and towers offer spectacular views of the famous loch. Visitors can explore the history of the castle and the legends of Loch Ness.
Alcazar of Toledo – Spain:
The Alcazar of Toledo, located in the historic city of Toledo, Spain, is an iconic fortress known for its military history and breathtaking architecture. It has served as a Roman palace, a Visigothic fortress, and a medieval royal palace. The Alcazar’s façade, towers, and interior spaces, including the Throne Room, showcase the blend of Moorish, Gothic, and Renaissance influences.
Castillo de Belmonte – Spain:
Castillo de Belmonte is a well-preserved medieval castle located in Belmonte, Spain. Built in the 15th century, it boasts a magnificent square design with towers at each corner. The castle’s architecture and picturesque setting are reminiscent of a fairy tale. Visitors can explore its rooms, halls, and beautiful courtyards, which provide a glimpse into medieval life.
Pevensey Castle – England:
Pevensey Castle, located in East Sussex, England, is a historic fortress with a rich history dating back to Roman times. The castle’s architecture and well-preserved interiors, including the Roman wall and medieval dungeons, offer insights into its historical significance.
Harlech Castle – Wales:
Harlech Castle, situated in Gwynedd, Wales, is a well-preserved medieval fortress with a history that includes the Wars of the Roses. The castle’s architecture, including its massive gatehouse and curtain walls, showcases its military importance. Visitors can explore the castle’s interiors, including the Great Hall and the chapel, providing a glimpse into medieval life.
Château de Chillon – Switzerland:
Château de Chillon, located on the shores of Lake Geneva, Switzerland, is a well-preserved medieval fortress known for its picturesque setting. The castle’s architecture and interior spaces, including the dungeons and the chapel, offer insights into its historical significance.
Suomenlinna Fortress – Finland:
Suomenlinna Fortress, situated in Helsinki, Finland, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a well-preserved maritime fortress. It was originally built by the Swedes and later expanded by the Russians. The fortress’s architecture and historical buildings, including the Great Courtyard and the Suomenlinna Museum, provide insights into its role in regional history.
Gruyères Castle – Switzerland:
Gruyères Castle, located in the medieval town of Gruyères, Switzerland, is a well-preserved fortress with a rich history. The castle’s architecture and interior spaces, including the knights’ hall and the chapel, offer insights into the region’s history and culture.
Orléans Castle – France:
Orléans Castle, located in the city of Orléans, France, is a well-preserved fortress with a rich history. It is often associated with Joan of Arc and the Siege of Orléans. Visitors can explore the castle’s architecture, the Joan of Arc Museum, and its connection to this historical event.
Königstein Fortress – Germany:
Königstein Fortress, situated near Dresden, Germany, is one of the largest hilltop fortresses in Europe. The fortress played a significant role in Saxon history. Visitors can explore the castle’s extensive grounds, museums, and take in stunning views of the Elbe River.
Burg Eltz – Germany:
Burg Eltz, located in the hills above the Moselle River in Germany, is a picturesque medieval castle with a history dating back to the 12th century. The castle has remained in the same family for over 850 years. Visitors can tour the castle’s historical rooms and enjoy the scenic beauty of the surrounding forest.
Predjamski Grad – Slovenia:
Predjamski Grad, also known as Predjama Castle, is a captivating fortress in a cave mouth near Postojna, Slovenia. It offers a unique combination of natural and man-made wonders. The castle’s architecture and interior spaces, including the Knight’s Hall, provide a glimpse into medieval life and history.
Muiderslot – Netherlands:
Muiderslot, situated in the town of Muiden, Netherlands, is a well-preserved medieval castle surrounded by water. The castle’s architecture and historical rooms, including the Knight’s Hall and the great kitchen, offer insights into medieval life and culture.
Mir Castle – Belarus:
Mir Castle, located in Belarus, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a well-preserved example of Eastern European castle architecture. It boasts Gothic, Renaissance, and Baroque elements. The castle’s interiors, including the Armoury and the Church of Saints Boris and Gleb, reflect the historical and cultural richness of the region.
Bratislava Castle – Slovakia:
Bratislava Castle, perched above the Danube River in Slovakia, is an iconic fortress with a rich history. The castle’s architecture and interior spaces, including the Knights’ Hall and the Hungarian Parliament Hall, showcase its historical significance and cultural heritage.
If we could choose a few to visit, these would be our favourites:
Europe is home to some of the most awe-inspiring fortresses that once played a crucial role in protecting their respective regions. If you want a brief idea of some of the popular places to visit, this is the section for you, otherwise – skip ahead for a run down of the best places to visit in the United Kingdom.
Starting off with Mont Saint-Michel in France, perched on a rocky outcrop and surrounded by treacherous tidal waters. This architectural marvel was built to withstand sieges and served as an abbey, a prison, and even a strategic fortification during various conflicts throughout history.
Moving east, the Hohensalzburg Fortress in Salzburg, Austria, offers visitors a chance to step into the medieval world. Built in the 11th century, this imposing fortress dominates the city’s skyline and provides breathtaking panoramic views of the surrounding Alps. With its labyrinthine passageways, historic chambers, and medieval weaponry on display, the Hohensalzburg Fortress truly brings the past to life.
Continuing on, the Alhambra in Granada, Spain, showcases the unique blend of medieval Islamic architecture and European influences. Originally constructed as a fortress in the 9th century, the Alhambra was later transformed into a palatial complex by the Nasrid dynasty. Its intricate tilework, serene courtyards, and stunning views of the Sierra Nevada Mountains make it a must-visit for any history enthusiast.
Heading north, the Tower of London in England stands as a symbol of power and authority. Dating back to the 11th century, this iconic fortress has witnessed countless historical events, including the imprisonment and execution of high-profile figures. Today, visitors can explore the medieval White Tower, walk along the ancient walls, and marvel at the priceless Crown Jewels housed within its walls.
In the heart of Romania, the Bran Castle is often associated with the legendary Dracula. Although the connection to the fictional vampire is tenuous, there’s no denying the eerie allure of this medieval fortress. Perched on a rocky promontory, the Bran Castle offers a fascinating glimpse into the region’s history, with its Gothic architecture and stunning mountain backdrop.
Lastly, the Neuschwanstein Castle in Germany transports visitors into a fairy tale realm. Built in the 19th century, this enchanting castle inspired Walt Disney’s Sleeping Beauty Castle and continues to captivate visitors with its fairytale-like architecture, stunning interiors, and breathtaking views of the Bavarian countryside.
Exploring Europe’s medieval castles and fortresses is like embarking on a time-traveling adventure. Each castle tells a unique story and offers a window into the past, showcasing the architectural prowess, military strategy, and cultural heritage of their respective regions. This gives you a brief idea of what each region offers. Whether you’re a history aficionado or simply seeking to immerse yourself in the enchanting atmosphere of the Middle Ages, Europe’s medieval castles and fortresses are bound to mesmerize and leave a lasting impression.